Building Defects

Introduction: Decay and deterioration can happen in a building for any number of reasons. The first being poor repair and maintenance of the building over its life by users or those responsible for its maintenance such as a landlord etc. It can also mean that there were original problems with the building that impair its ability to function as intended, these may not have been uncovered during the snagging process at the end of the construction stage.These building problems are referred to as defects, depending on the type of contact most contracts have a 12 month defect period, this enables the users (and funders) to live in the building through the different seasons and see if any problems occur. A latent defect is after the 12 month defect period has lapsed and the new building shows signs of problems that are so significant that they can stop its functionality (a latent defect period can last up to 12 years on some contracts). Please find below some common reasons for defects: * Design IssuesDesign professionals (such as architects or engineers) could perhaps specify material or equipment that cannot perform as intended. For example: a geological survey that does not cover enough areas on a site could mean that the subsoil is not consistent across the site and therefore could eventually cause subsidence in the building. The architect’s motivation for the design may be with the building form, function or aesthetics but the completed design could result as a defect as any cost considerations or value engineering if not well planned, managed and coordinated could result in a defects.The use of inferior building materials can cause problems such as windows that leak or fail to perform and function adequately, even when properly installed. Leaking windows are a common defect and prevention requires good workmanship. * Site supervision during construction period Poor supervision during the construction period can result in poor quality and sub standard wor kmanship. For example: this can often manifest in water infiltration through some portion of the building structure (cracks in oundations, floor slabs, walls, dry rotting of wood or other building materials), electrical and mechanical problems, plumbing leaks and back-ups, lack of appropriate sound insulation and fire-resistive construction between adjacent housing units, etc. The above can prevented with a good Quality Assurance process in place that ensures that all trades are well supervised on site, accurate records are kept on workmanship (this can include pictorial evidence) and guidance is given to all staff on the quality expectations that have to be achieved on site.The traditional role of Clerk of Works should also be used to ensure that all measures are met on site level. * Maintenance No building lasts forever. Day to day planned maintenance of a building is required to ensure that it prevents any problems in the future. Poor planned maintence can cause defects to occur in buildings that would have performed well had they been cared for properly. For example: a master plan for the buildings mechanical and electrical (M&E) equipment to be replaced (such as Boiler replacements, lighting upgrades, ICT Category cabling upgrades etc. also phased window or roof replacement schedule to ensure that all that entire building envelope is protected to protect from the elements. If maintenance of buildings are not kept up to date then in some contracts ‘latent defects’ would not be honoured as the users have not maintained the works that were carried out in line with the contract therefore the contractors would not be obligated to rectify any defective works. * Service installationSome equipment requires regular servicing under the terms of its guarantee. For example: If a boiler that has been installed with a 10 year warranty is not annually serviced then the manufacture can advise that the user did not meet their obligations and therefore any replacement in the 10 year period would fall to the user to fund. Common Defects found in Low-Rise Housing: Please see below mock defects sheets in relation to the defects outlined in ‘Common Defects in Low-Rise Housing’.These outline the defect, the cause of the defect, the remedy required to rectify the defect and finally any supporting building regulations/guidelines that support this process. STAGE:A| WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 6| LOCATION:South Wall| DATE:26th May 2010| BRE REF NO. Defect Action Sheet 116| DEFECT: Insufficient wall ties below Damp-proof Level | CAUSE: Poor design and specification | FUNCTION:A wall tie is a small piece of metal generally made of steel that is installed between a cavity wall void or between two adjoining walls. The purpose of this is to keep both walls together at all times.A wall tie allows slight movement for expansion but if correctly fitted stops each wall acting independently of one another so therefore keeps the building strong and stable. | DEFECTIVE AREA: * Corroded and show signs of de-laminating (this is when the metal starts to peel and splinter) * Corroded due to water egress (decaying of the tie means loss of strength) * Corroded show signs of ferrous oxide (this is when the metal bubbles and expands) this can cause lifting and cracking the brickwork * Cavity walling that is blocked with decayed mortar that bridged the DPC. Poorly fitted wall ties (this means that it does not function as originally intended) * Incorrect wall ties used (there are 4 different types of wall ties – each tie has its own best area for use)| DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED: * Ties should be placed at 900mm centres horizontally and 450mm vertically * Sufficient lap of Damp proof course is required all round * Wall ties to be of a minimum size 5/m2 * Ensure that ties are as specified and are of the correct type * Use BS or BBA Certificated ties of length and type suitable for cavity width and purpose * Space ties in accorda nce with BS 5628: Pt 3: 2001.For example: the cavity width should be 50 to 300mm, number of ties 2. 5 per m2, 900 mm horizontally 450mm vertically and provide extra ties adjacent to openings * Check that there is a row of ties at every sixth course of bricks * Ties should be staggered and evenly distributed * Check that the horizontal spacing’s have the correct number of specified ties per m2 * Check that ties are at every block course within 225mm of opening | RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD:| * BS:5628 Pt 3. 2001 | | | | | STAGE:A| WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 1| LOCATION:Rear externals| DATE:26th May 2010| BRE REF NO.Defect Action Sheet 96| DEFECT: Mature trees too close | CAUSE: Poor design and specification | FUNCTION:Movement where a building is in close proximity of a mature trees. This is a common problem found generally in the following species Oak, Poplar, Ash, Plane, Willow and Elm although any very large mature tree close to a building can spell disaster. These trees require a c onsiderable amount of water to grow much of this is taken up by their root system. For example: a mature poplar can take up to 50,000 litres of water from the sub-soil each year.The more mature the tree the greater amount of water it requires. The outcome of the site survey and soil investigation should inform the decision on the type of substructure to be used for the proposed buildings in relation to soil type, saturation levels and lay of land e. g. sloping etc. It is recommended that buildings be built at least a distance equivalent to the tree’s height away from that tree to protect both the tree and the building although in some cases of Willow, Poplar and Elm the root radius can be twice that of the tree height. DEFECTIVE AREA: * The trees potential root radius has not been calculated correctly * Poor choice of substructure for the new building| DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED: * Repair works require the retrospective installation of a root barrier (see attached diagram) . This means detailed surveys are required to identify were the tree roots are. If the tree has a Tree preservation order (TPO) on it then any damage to its roots could mean an appearance in Majesties court and a fine up to ? 20,000| RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD:| * BS:5837 * Approved Document A & C * Tree Preservation Orders: A Guide to the Law and Good Practice 2000|STAGE:A| WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 22| LOCATION:Flank wall| DATE:26th May 2010| BRE REF NO. Defect Action Sheet | DEFECT: Poor Mortars, Bricks, Blocks in sub-structure| CAUSE: Poor design and specification Poor site supervision| FUNCTION:Mortar is used a bonding agent to secure brick and block work. These three elements used together ensure that the building is sound, secure and water tight. | DEFECTIVE AREA: * Poor specification of an inferior brick and blocks that are engineered to support the loadings of the finished building is poor design planning.A poorly specified mortar could also be the reason that water could ingr ess the building this could lead to significant problems later for the building. * Poor site supervision of this area could mean that the mortar is poorly laid or not given enough time to set, or could even have been laid in the wrong temperatures such as Frosty weather. | DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED: * The building may require additional support. For example: underpinning externally could support the substructure sufficiently enough to take the load away from the problem areas. The best method in this case is to pile and beam. This method stabilises the existing substructure by using piles installed either side of  an existing wall. A small excavation is made below the ground level and a reinforced concrete needle beam is used to connect the piles and support the wall. * Reducing the distance between needle beams can accommodate very high loads. | RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD:| * | STAGE:D| WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 24| LOCATION:Internal/External various locations| DATE:26th May 2010| B RE REF NO.Defect Action Sheet | DEFECT: Notches and holes for services mis-positioned and oversized| CAUSE: Poor design Poor site supervision| FUNCTION:The location of holes and notches for services is very important in relation to the functionality and quality of finish to the end building. A misplaced large hole could lead incorrectly fitted lighting, heaters, light switches etc. | DEFECTIVE AREA: * Poor design drawings that are sent to site with the wrong measurements could mean that the location and shape of the holes for services are installed as per the drawing. It is more lightly that this defect would be down to poor site supervision. This could mean that the inappropriate person has been tasked to carry out this work such as a labourer that does not have the skill to read drawings but was asked to install holes for services rather than an electrician or electrician’s mate (i. e. being supervised by the trade lead at all times)| DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED: * If cau ght early enough this should not be a great problem to resolve on site.However, if this was left to practical completion were the building is being handed over to the user/occupier then the works to rectify could be much greater and could include the following: * Re-routing electrics and mechanical pipe works to suit correct dimensions * Repositioning of all electrical and mechanical equipment * No direct connection to main sewer therefore re routing all connections to bathrooms, kitchens and any sinks etc| RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD:| * | STAGE:D| WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 30| LOCATION:Door No. GF32| DATE:26th May 2010| BRE REF NO.Defect Action Sheet | DEFECT: Lintels in external walls: missing, damaged, bedding, insulation| CAUSE: Poor design and specificationPoor site supervision| FUNCTION:A Lintel is a piece of steel or concrete that is used as a support in walls. These are generally used above openings (such as windows or doors) in the wall to support the load above. Lintels are usual ly supplied with load bearing at each end for 100mm openings up to/including 1000mm, 150mm for openings up to/including 3000mm and 200mm for openings over 3000mm. For spans in excess of 1200mm, it is good practice to provide temporary support such as an Acro at every 1200mm point. DEFECTIVE AREA: * Poor design could mean that the location window or door opening is in a difficult position to properly fit the correct size lintel * Poor specification could mean that a concrete lintel is specified when the location requires a small and compact steel lintel * Poor site supervision could mean that the area were the lintel is to be installed in not supported prior to installation and therefore the floor above is already sagging with the load. Also installation of the wring lintel in time will show on the exterior and interior of the building. DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED: * Lintels should be carefully bedded on a full mortar joint * Wall ties should be positioned in accordance with curren t building regulations * A damp proof course should be used for all lintels in external walls, and must be fixed in accordance with building regulations * In cavity construction, it is recommended that both internal and external leaves are taken up uniformly * It is good building practice to insert a flexible joint between the lintel and the top of the frame| RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD:| * BS:12 * BS:882|STAGE:E| WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 20| LOCATION:| DATE:26th May 2010| BRE REF NO. Defect Action Sheet 73 & 74| DEFECT: Floor joist quality and installation: not graded or marked, bowing and twisting, high moisture content and wet rot| CAUSE: Poor specification Poor site supervision| FUNCTION:A floor joist is a beam of wood that stretches from one side of the sub-floor to the other bridging the floor load bearers. They are the essential component to the foundation of each floor level and floor boards are laid onto of them to give a foundation to any floor covering.Wood should be marked Top/Bottom, be graded (for the load) and have a kite mark or brand number referring to BS: EN 14250. | DEFECTIVE AREA: * Poor specification of a floor joist can mean that the wood used is not the correct grading to support the load. This can mean that the floor in time will show effects of overload bowing and twisting are one of the signs. * Poor site supervision of this area could mean that the wood has not been stored correctly on site meaning that it is now warped and twisted and has high water content. If wet rot occurs it is generally at the bearings of timber joists in external walls.For example: the sole or head plates rather than in the studs. | DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED: * An assessment on if there is any ‘dead air’ within the cavity between the joists and the floor board. If so, then air bricks (to BS:493) can be installed into the external walls to allow air flow. If wet rot is localised in small area then minor repairs can be made * If poor ungraded wood has been installed then the floor will have to be taken up and reinstalled with the correct graded wood to ensure it complies with current building regulations. | RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD:| * BS:EN 14250 * BS:493|Area H: Defect| Drains below foundations| Reason for Defect:| * Broken or damaged pipes * Failure to washout subsoil leading to foundation settlement; * Lack of clearance to debris or materials * Lack of flexible joints. * Non compliance with Approved Document H * Non compliance with the Public Health Act revised 1985 * Non compliance with Building regulations C part 2 * Incorrect type and size of pipe used for subsoil drainage * Drainage not laid to correct gradient| Specification Issue:| * Possible poor quality drainage pipes specified| Design Issue: | No|Site Supervision Issue:| * Compliance with Approved Doc H * Compliance with Public Health Act 1985 * Compliance with Building regulations C part 2 * Correct size and type of pipe use for each type of drainage identifie d e. g. foul, rainwater, soil type. * Ensure movement joints are in place * Ensure drainage meets the required gradient * Ensure pipes are clear from obstructions * Check pipes are not broken or damaged prior to installation. | Maintenance:| No|Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce| Image:| Ref: Image taken from NHBC Good Craftsmanship Guide for Drainage| Area H: Defect| Installation of DPC and DPM| Reason for Defect:| * DPC pointed or rendered over * DPCs bridged by mortar droppings * DPM punctured * DPCs and DPMs not lapped * Fill and paving not kept at least 150mm below DPC * DPM should comply with BS CP 102, Section 3, and Building Regulations Approved Document C. | Specification Issue:| No| Design Issue: | No|Site Supervision Issue: | * Check that edging of DPM projects enough to lap later with the DPC * Sheet should be sealed with adhesive tape and any punctures patched with an overlap of no less than 150mm * Use polye thylene sheet not less than 500 gauge and should carry a BBA certificate or is to the PIFA standard| Maintenance:| No| Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce| Image: | Ref: Image taken from http://www. bricksandbrass. co. uk/images/walls/damp. gif| Area H: Defect| Damp walls |Reason for Defect:| * No DPC installation in walls * Poorly installation of DPC in walls| Specification Issue:| No| Design Issue: | No| Site Supervision Issue:| * A responsible contractor should understand the importance of DPC within the external walls * If just poorly installed retrospective DPC injections can be used to back fill in areas that require additional waterproofing * If no damp proof course is in place then Electro Osmosis method can be used this is when a low voltage steel stake is placed intermediately around the external walls as long as the unit is on it will keep the damp at bay | Maintenance:| No|Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce| Image: | Ref: Image taken from www. petercox. co. uk/prevent| Area J: Defect| No lintel above the window and doors | Reason for Defect:| * No installation of lintel above window and door openings| Specification Issues:| * Possible incorrect lintel specified * | Design Issue: | * For an architect to exclude lintels from the design, it means that they have not complied with building regulations.This is not only a design floor but a dangerous and hazardous way to leave the building| Site Supervision Issue: | No| Maintenance:| No| Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor design management by the design team and should have been picked up by various professionals along the process including Building Control| Image: | Ref: Image taken from http://www. bancroftcentre. org/images/eco/insulation. bmp|Area J: Defect| Plaster break up on internal walls and ceilings| Reason for Defect:| * Bond failure between plasterwork and plasterboard due to ‘watering down’ of bonding agent * Plaster itself poor quality or poorly mixed together (plasterer should have a mate to mix for them as plaster can ‘go off’ quickly) * Cracking due to movement * Drying out period hurried and room artificially heated to increase drying time| Specification Issue:| * Poor quality bond or plaster | Design Issue: | No| Site Supervision Issue: | * Remove poor quality plaster, apply a thick oat of Unibond allow to dry and then re-applying a suitably mixed plaster (plasterer should have a mate to mix for them as plaster can ‘go off’ quickly) * Ventilate and allow to naturally dry out| Maintenance:| * Poor maintenance of internal finishing can make plaster work decay and break up * Poor ventilation or extreme weather (if no heating) then plaster can become brittle and break up| Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce and/or poor maintenance by the occupier/users| Image:| Ref: Images taken from Google images ‘plaster work’|Area J: Defect| Shrinkage to wooden floor joists| Reason for Defect:| * Temperature to install to extreme * Stored poorly on site allowing water to penetrate – Part C of the Building Regulations â€Å"Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture† * Area needs better ventilation| Specification Issue:| No| Design Issue: | No|Site Supervision Issue:| * A responsible contractor should have the knowledge and experience to know at what temperatures they can have to install after the installation * Air bricks may need to be installed in the external walls tp improve under floor ventilation * All materials should be stored off the ground and well covered in accordance with building regulations| Maintenance:| No| Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce| Image:| Ref: Image taken from Google images ‘defective timber joists’|Area K: Defect| External wall movement| Reason for Defect:| * Incorrect substructure * Restraints missing from wall to floor| Specification Issue:| No| Design Issue: | * Substructure must be designed following an accurate soil survey, bore holes are taken from the proposed site and are inspected in laboratory condition. * The soil samples are tested and categorised in accordance with their load value * Then detailed calculations are erformed by structural engineers to establish the most suitable substructure for the proposed building * Below a ‘tell tale’ is a measuring device that can check how much a crack is moving over a period of time| Site Supervision Issue: | No| Maintenance:| No| Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor design management by the design team and should have been picked up by various professionals along the process including Building Control| Image:| Ref: Image of a ‘tell-tale’ taken from Google images|A rea K: Defect| External wall movement| Reason for Defect:| * No cavity tray installed to discharge water outwards * No weep hole specified in brickwork at lowest tray * No flashing identified, Lead or a suitable substitute should be installed in accordance with BS 1178 * All roof tiles to Part C of the Building Regulations â€Å"Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture†| Specification Issue:| No| Design Issue: | No|Site Installation & Supervision Issue | * A responsible contractor should install cavity tray to ensure water is discharged correctly * Ensure appropriate weep hole is installed in the brickwork at the lowest tray level * Install appropriate flashings where required * Ensure tiles and drainage is compliant with Building Regulations Part C| Maintenance:| No| Responsible area:| The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce| Image:|

China and WTO Essay

Since 2001 the world has witnessed a rapid growth of China in terms of its economy. With the goods having a â€Å"Made in China† label becoming a frequent part of our lives, China paves its way ever on the road to success. The credit to such a boom in the country’s trade (peculiarly exports) goes to one key factor: Globalization. Cognizant of the World Trade Organization’s potential to let China fully practice Globalization, right after its membership of WTO China marked an instance of global significance. Today with the steps of China gradually turning the uni-polar world into a bi-polar one, the analysts of global trade and economy predict China to soon supplant the United States, wholly on the basis of its tenacious economic stand. Initially, this paper attempts to develop a comprehension of rudimentary concepts pertaining to the World Trade Organization, Globalization and China. The paper further elucidates the major argument by a conscientious analysis of China’s practice of Globalization, accession to WTO, different attitudes about a Globalized China and impacts of its WTO membership not only on the country itself but also on the whole world. Introduction: It is a datum of experience that in the scene of modern existence globalization has emerged as an inevitable process. With its instruments like the World Trade Organization, Globalization has profoundly penetrated into the roots of the modern economic system thereby affecting different nations differently. With WTO and economic globalization being in vogue in the business world, what remains the topic of a controversial debate is the entrance of China into WTO. Previously a member with average participation in the international trade, China has established itself as one of the top most economies of the contemporary world immediately after signing the agreement with WTO in the year 2001. As the concerned year marked a celebration for China, it also proved as a sinister for many other nations that had been dominating the international trade before China’s formal stepping into it. With a multifaceted nature of China’s WTO membership, there remain a number of ambiguities in terms of its corollaries on the world and the country itself. Globalization: Before laying the foundation of the paper’s major argument, it is mandatory to comprehend the concept of globalization. â€Å"Globalization is what happens when the movement of people, goods, or ideas among countries and regions accelerates. † In the contemporary world, all the aspects of life are touched by the ravishing presence of globalization. Once comprehended as a mere economic phenomenon involving the flow of goods and services across borders, the term has transcended to reach the exchange of language, culture and relationships among nations† . According to Suarez in ‘Globalization: Culture and Education in the New Millennium’, the commencement and proliferation of globalization coalesces a series of cycles. Of them, the first cycle began in 1492 ending in the early seventeenth century whereas the second cycle embarked in the late seventeenth century. Globalization is often reckoned as an elusive concept keeping under consideration its dual prospects. This multi faceted view is clear in every aspect of globalization. For instance, international organizations like WHO, UNESCO and UNDP are trying to ameliorate the standard of life across the globe by attempts for eliminating poverty, improving health conditions and providing job opportunities etc. Such steps on the part of globalization provide its positive picture attempting to elevate the nations. On the other hand, the instruments of globalization like multinational companies are exploiting the world labour and have become a major source of collapse of many domestic businesses. Wal-Mart is one of the many examples in this concern. Not only feared by the smaller businesses of Non American countries, the domestic investors suffer the same threat. According to an interview (documented in the article ‘Rediscovering Uncle Sam’ of the book ‘Ambassadors of Peace) with the Mayor of Chestertown, Margo G. Bailey told how she has been fighting the Wal-Mart from entering into the small city of Chestertown for almost a decade because the invasion of Wal-Mart would mean a fiasco for the owners of the small businesses in the locality. This means that if globalization is elevating humans, it is equally abusing them. With the ascending power of globalization in the contemporary world, what becomes the reason of its achievement is three facts. First is the globalization’s role in the amelioration of technology. Twenty first century is considered as the hey day of science, technology and telecommunication. The second reason is the provision of integration of people across borders to get acquainted with the foreign cultures. This has specially marked a boom in tourism industry. Thirdly, the concept of free trade as advocated by globalization has increased the capital flow between nations who are now more interested in global trade without being interfered by the state government. Of many forces of globalization, World Trade Organization is considered its key instrument. World Trade Organization: Formed in 1995, World Trade Organization stands as the only hegemonic power ruling the trade in the international business market. WTO started to informally supplant General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that had been carrying on the same function in the global market since 1947. The working of WTO is based key principles which are available in the form of its written documentation covering almost every kind of activity happening in the international trade. One of these principles is to equally treat all the participating nations in the business market. This means that any policy framed by WTO would be implemented on all the nations alike irrespective of their status in the global market. Another principle of WTO advocates Free Trade which means the elimination of trade barriers like tariffs, regulation or other such measures of protectionism imposed by the government thereby impeding the process of liberal trade or smooth flow of goods and services among the nations. WTO also makes sure the transparency of trade policies by making all the nations cognizant of them through their 2300 paged of agreements providing every term in black and white. In the similar way, the negotiations regarding the policy matters are not made surreptitious thereby making the adjustments open to all the other members too. With a seemingly stringent frame of law, WTO also believes in providing flexibility to the developing countries in order to make their positive contribution possible in the competitive market. According to Article III of ‘Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization’ WTO is responsible for five major functions. These responsibilities involve, 1. Implementation, administration and operation of Multilateral, Plurilateral and its own trade agreements. 2. Providing a platform of negotiations between different member nations regarding their trade policies and agreements. It also assists them in implementing the decided policies. 3. Settling the disputes among the member nations. The nature of such disputes is generally trade-policy based where the WTO serves as an arbiter between the conflicting nations. 4. Facilitating and training the weaker members in order to create a balance in the global economy. For achieving the desired goal, WTO co-operates with World Bank and International Monitory Fund. 5. Monitoring the trade policies that have been implemented and to make possible the aspect of transparency in these policies. China in the contemporary world: It was about two hundred years ago that China was he ruling power of global economy. After years of a sleeping giant, China has rapidly raised its status in the global community in the wake of the last decade. This aggrandizing significance is specially marked in the growing performance of the country in terms of its annual economic performance. This is clear by analyzing the performance of China’s ship building industry. Considered as a poor quality manufacturer around 1980s, it has grown into a ‘bona fide’ world industry today. As a result of this boom in the economy, millions of Chinese previously living at the bottom line of poverty enjoy better standards of life today. For the very reason World Bank believes that â€Å"China achieved the fastest doubling of economic output ever from 1978 to 1987, far outpacing both early industrializers (e. g. , United Kingdom, United States, and Japan) and late industrializers (e. g. , Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan) alike. It then repeated the feat from 1987–1996† and looks like continuing the same pace in the future to come. To restate, as a result of globalizing process China has doubled the per capita income for three times after 1978. Of the over all augmenting profits, China’s major gains also lie in its textile industry. Reviewing China’s consistent rise for the past many years, many analysts proscribe China most likely to supplant the position of the U. S. by becoming the most powerful economy of the world around 2050 as the former has already caught the high brow of the world. While talking to China Daily, Long Yongtu, China’s former WTO chief negotiator said, â€Å"Because China’s economy is more open, and China’s economic size is much bigger, the world is more sensitive to what’s happening in China. I think in that way China is really changing the world. â€Å"

Competition Bikes, Inc. is engaged in the business of manufacturing Coursework

Competition Bikes, Inc. is engaged in the business of manufacturing bicycles. Summary Report - Coursework Example There are various techniques which can be utilized to evaluate the information present in the financial statements of a company. Some of the commonly used techniques are horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, trend analysis and ratio analysis. All these analyses have been performed for the Competition Bikes, Inc. taking into account the income statements and the balance sheets of the company for the past three years. Horizontal analysis of the financial statements is generally done to compare the performance levels within the company for a given period of time (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2009, p. 647). Horizontal analysis of Competition Bikes, Inc. that has been presented in the case would facilitate comparative analysis of the amounts as well as percentage increase or decrease of each of the related items in its income statements and balance sheets (Warren, 2008, p. 306). It would thus help to identify and understand the operational weaknesses and strengths of the company. As evide nt from the horizontal analysis of the income statements of Competition Bikes, Inc., there has been an 81.6% decline in its net income in the year 2008 as compared to 2007 which is quite significant. This decline in net earnings of the company is mostly attributed towards the 15% decline in its net sales in 2008 as compared to 2007 because of the current economic scenario which is going through a downturn. A 15% decline in sales value implies that the cost of goods sold and the variable expenses directly related to the sales output would also decline correspondingly. This fact is evident from the 15% decline in the selling expense items like sales commissions, distribution network and transportation out. However, in spite of the reduction in sales, the utilities expenses of the company increased by $15,000 in 2008 which is around 11.1% rise when compared with the year 2007. In the year 2007, when the net sales of the company increased by 33.3%, the corresponding increase in its util ities expense was only 3.8% as compared to 2006. Hence, this is a major area of concern and a potential weakness of the company of not being able to cut down on its utility expenses even with the reduction in sales volume. However, the company managed to reduce its research and development costs by 16.3% in the year 2008. This can be regarded as one of the potential strength of the company of being able to reduce its operational costs related to its research and development activities significantly in the year 2008. As regards the general and administration costs incurred by the company, it did not manage to reduce it in spite of the decline in sales value in 2009. These facts suggest that the company management was inefficient in managing its resources effectively and efficiently to help in bringing down its operational costs significantly to compensate for the decline in sales because of the recent downturn in the economy. Next if we look at the horizontal analysis of the balance sheets of the company for the past three years, it is observable that the current assets of the company in the form of cash and cash equivalents increased by around 275.4% in 2008 as compared to the year 2007 which is quite significant. The work in process remained same for the year 2008 when compared to 2007. It is noteworthy mentioning the fact that previously the work in process inventory increased

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS - Essay Example He communicates so that he gathers information and communicates analysis findings. The analyst should stick to a professional code of ethics (Shelly and Harry 2012). In addition, he must be self-disciplined as well as self-motivated. The analyst can use the approaches to systems analysis and design (SDLC, CASE, and OOM); waterfall, agile methodologies. Another approach is the open source software, CASE tools (Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools offer automation of a variety of systems analysis processes.) In an organization, systems are interrelated (have a common relationship) and interconnected (have an association or conjugation). There are different system types, and they apply at diverse Management levels: They can be grouped a systems pyramid. Some of them are: Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Knowledge Work Systems (KWS), Office Automation Systems (OAS), Management Information Systems (MIS), Expert Systems (ES), Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Support Systems (ESS) (Shelly and Harry 2012). ERP Systems helps the flow of information among the functional areas of the organization. Depicting systems graphically/diagrammatically can be done by use of; Context Level Data Flow Diagrams (CL DFD), Entity Relationship Diagram (E-R) and Use Case Diagrams/Use Case Scenarios. Special tools along with techniques assist the analyst make requirement determinations. Tools like data flow diagrams (DFDs) that chart the input, processes, output of the functions of the business, or sequence diagrams to illustrate the sequence of events, demonstrate systems in a structured and graphical form (Shelly and Harry 2012). A project is a short-term endeavor done to create an exclusive product, service, or outcome. Their nature indicates that a project has a specific start and conclusion. Project management applies knowledge, tools, skills and techniques to project practices to meet the project requirements.

Aspects of sSteve Jobs, a powerful entrepreneur's life Essay

Aspects of sSteve Jobs, a powerful entrepreneur's life - Essay Example gerate about their abilities and most people take on a unilateral approach by asserting that it was Steve Jobs who was the real driver of success behind Apple, or those who are supportive of Stephen Wozniak may opt to praise Stephen and regard him as being the primary reason of success in Apple’s case. In my understanding, both approaches are flawed and I firmly believe that due credit of abilities should be given to both personalities and it should be realized that Apple’s success was due to the joint venture of both personalities; both contributed significantly towards developing, manufacturing and marketing the product and ended up winning success that was beyond imagination for many in the industry. In my opinion, if there was no Wozniak, development of superior quality electronic devices was impossible. Similarly, if there was no Steve Jobs, the marketing and selling of Wozniak’s electronic equipment would have been a dream unfulfilled. Therefore, it appears logical to assert that both individuals had been working for their mutual benefits and the puzzle of their success can only be solved if both pieces, Jobs and Wozniak, are put together. Were it not for the decent product that Wozniak designed, Jobs success could have been a remote or impossible prospect. Similarly, if Jobs marketing skills are withdrawn from their picture of success; colors of failure will dominate the picture that is left behind. In my opinion, the idea of discussing Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak in a separate fashion, originated only after the two personalities departed professionally. This incident coincides with the development of Apple II and it appears that the two geniuses underwent considerable stress prior to this decisions. This is reflected by Wozniak’s remarks that he gave upon Steve Jobs’ death, when he said â€Å"It’s like the world lost a John Lennon. We’ve lost something we won’t get back†. The truth is that Wozniak was aware of Jobs capabilities and for

International Security in the Global Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Security in the Global Era - Essay Example The more popular of these theories, the realist and the neoliberal, however, have failed to provide a comprehensive understanding, or interpretive guideline, for state behaviour or, in fact, articulate a workable methodology for the enhancement of global security. Given the fact that both schools provide partial answers to the question at hand, one may argue that a more comprehensive understanding of the componential elements of global security is predicted upon the amalgamation of their arguments and interpretations. Neoliberals/liberals and realists/neorealists are locked in a perennial debate over the manner in which states define global/national security and the motivators for state behaviour within the international context. As Jervis (1999) notes, the primary area of contention between realists and liberals pertains to the source of inter-state conflict and whether it is engendered by relative or absolute gains. Identifying the state as a sovereign actor and the most important unit within the global context, realists maintain that states act towards the fulfilment of absolute gains. Within the parameters of the articulated understanding, realism assumes that conflict, rather than cooperation, is the distinguishing feature of inter-state relationships (Jervis, 1999). Concurring with Jervis' (1999) assessment of the neorealist/realist school's perception of the motivators for state behaviour, Wendt (1992) adds that the explicated perception is fundamentally predicated on the realist conceptualisation of both the international order as anarchic and of human nature as predatory. The realist tradition quite simply maintains that within the absence of a supra-state global institution as would govern state behaviour, states act towards the fulfilment of their self-defined interests, often operating in a predatory fashion, because they can (Wendt, 1992). Accordingly, and as Wendt (1992) states, realists primarily define the global order as a "self-help" system (p. 392) insofar as state actors therein are largely free to fulfil, or at least attempt to fulfil, their ambitions, often to the detriment of other states. The liberal/neoliberal tradition is, seemingly, sharply distinguished from the above insofar as it tends towards the assumption that global system is institutionalised and that state behaviour therein is not only governable but is naturally inclined towards cooperation. Both Jervis (1999) and Wendt (1992) highlight this particular neoliberal assumption and, to a degree, are supportive of it. Wendt (1992), for example, notes that the neoliberal school is fundamentally realist and rational insofar as it recognises the existence of anarchy, contrary to the neorealist assumption that neoliberals dispute this particular characteristic of the global order but, maintains that this does not function as an obstacle towards cooperation. In fact, those realists who concede to the anarchic nature of the global order contend that this functions as a motivator for cooperation and the creation of global institutions, insofar as rationality dictates that the former and the latter combine to enhance

Argument of Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument of Value - Essay Example But, as the movie tries to portray, it never takes itself seriously. All the fun does not get lost owing to the apparent upheavals in the lives of the characters. There is a definitive degree of fresh air in the treatment of the main characters. From the very beginning, the viewer is drawn into the intricacies of the characters, their joys and life. Even in the deepest melancholy, there are streaks of hope and happiness. In that sense, this movie has veered away from the staple comedy movies which lack poignant humor, but cover it up with condescending laughter. The movie exposes the tumultuous underbelly of human emotions with a fine serving of humor. This movie is perched between a razor sharp psychological drama on one hand and comedy on another. The film has a very upbeat title, which suggests the likeliness of having a generic bent towards the creation of a happy atmosphere: that is not very serious. It has all the ingredients of a nice movie, with the creation of sequences that exude positive spirit. A hero who is full of faults, a heroine with very doubtful credentials, the Christmas streets, the snow flaked roads are a constant reminder of the impending festivities. Throw on top of that, a dance competition and a football game, the movie tries to cover all the bases for a happy Hollywood film. ... Robert De Niro has played a delicious role as the father, who is torn among different problems. He runs an illegal gambling racket out of his parlour. He has a very supportive mother, who keeps him company. However, he is supposed to stay away from his wife and has to visit a doctor. All of the characters are obsessed with something in their lives, with sports being a big obsession. There is a tradition of disruptive violence, as the crowd identifies the game with their identity. The father of the hero has been banned from appearing in the matches due to the bouts of rage, which were experienced while viewing the match. One of the central characters in the movie is a young widow called as Tiffany. She is a good looking woman who lives in the garage of her parent’s home. She is preparing for a dancing competition, with the help of the hero. They bond over a dinner and she agrees to help him reunite him with his wife. The strength of the film lies in the differential treatment b eing given to the generic comic situations. Although, there is a lot of pain in the lives of the characters, there is sense of joy that runs throughout the fabric of the film. There are a number of scenes that would be very difficult even in real lives, but the handling of the situations has rendered the scenes funny. Some of the examples of such scenes; as the fighting in the diner that spreads onto the street: and also among the crowd wearing the Halloween dress. The film goes over the edge at times, but never fails to maintain the humorous simplicity in the storyline. The narrative is contextual and also very relevant due to the essential foresight being provided into the human heart. The design of the story has been calibrated with a lot of alacrity, so as to incite the maximum level of

'With reference to the serious case review, critically evaluate the Essay

'With reference to the serious case review, critically evaluate the failure of services in the case of Kyra Ishaq - Essay Example This report is based on making an assessment of failure of services in the case of Khyra Ishaq. The objective of the report is to highlight missed opportunities which could have resulted in better outcome and might have helped to save the life of Khyra Ishaq. The death of Khyra Ishaq was primarily suspected to be due to the failures of local services. The doctors across different activities were not in complete control of every fact as communication was hindered, misplaced or merely not commenced seriously. Any kind of significant decisions depend on individual services. In decision making, information sharing is a significant aspect and can determine the effectiveness of service provision. A significant number of neglected incidents related to the involvement by professionals have been observed in the death case of Khyra Ishaq (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2012). The reason for such negligence was due to failure of proper administration to reach to the right divisions, failure to follow protection procedure and failure to undertake systematic evaluations to case closure, resulting in poor knowledge and information about the condition of Khyra Ishaq (Devon County Council, 2008). Domestic mistreatment is one of the vital aspects found in the death case of Khyra Ishaq. It was estimated that in 2010, about 200,000 children living in the households of the UK were characterised by high level of domestic mistreatment and violence (Radford, 2010). These issues were prevalent in the case of Khyra Ishaq. Reviewing the case of Khyra Ishaq reveals the fact that information regarding domestic mistreatment and violence was not understood or shared by respective social agencies. The evaluation of condition of Khyra Ishaq was not satisfactorily rigour and strict. Family and environmental issues and child-rearing capability components had received slight or limited regard from every department of

Effectiveness of United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effectiveness of United Nations - Essay Example The effectiveness of United Nations in the War against Terror was pivotal as far the out breaking of a wider conflict is concerned, but its role as a free global organization was widely questioned because of American influence on the Security Council’s resolutions. Apart from the diplomatic pressures exercised on the member states to achieve unanimity of stance against an enemy quite vague and unknown until nine-eleven, the war against terror and al Qaeda was instigated at quite large scale. The Afghanistan was declared as the chief suspect of the al Qaeda and its leadership hideout and safe heaven. However, today after about ten years of all-out efforts to eliminate al Qaeda and terrorism, which are more often than not taken as synonyms, the war against terror could not meet a successful end. Thus, has raised several questions on the effectiveness of Security Council’s resolutions for the use of power in the region. This is what official US reports suggests, â€Å"By early 2011, senior leaders, including the Commander of NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), General David Petraeus, were pointing to discrete progress on the ground, though noting that such progress was still â€Å"fragile and reversible†.The war against terror despite its enormous support from member states in the Security Council has challenged the effectiveness of UN to avoid such a prolonged war. The worst side of this crisis is the absence of a declared result and measureable success in terms of international peace, security and stability.  ... United Nations has tackled raging and roaring national sentiments and channelized them to achieve the objectives of global peace and security to some extend if not to a desirable level. The effectiveness of United Nations in the War against Terror was pivotal as far the out breaking of a wider conflict is concerned, but its role as a free global organization was widely questioned because of American influence on the Security Council’s resolutions. Apart from the diplomatic pressures exercised on the member states to achieve unanimity of stance against an enemy quite vague and unknown until nine-eleven, the war against terror and al Qaeda was instigated at quite large scale. The Afghanistan was declared as the chief suspect of the al Qaeda and its leadership hideout and safe heaven. However, today after about ten years of all-out efforts to eliminate al Qaeda and terrorism, which are more often than not taken as synonyms, the war against terror could not meet a successful end. Thus, has raised several questions on the effectiveness of Security Council’s resolutions for the use of power in the region. This is what official US reports suggests, â€Å"By early 2011, senior leaders, including the Commander of NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), General David Petraeus, were pointing to discrete progress on the ground, though noting that such progress was still â€Å"fragile and reversible†.† (Dale, 2011). The war against terror despite its enormous support from member states in the Security Council has challenged the effectiveness of UN to avoid such a prolonged war. The worst side of this crisis is the absence of a declared result and measureable success in terms of international peace, security and stability. The proclaimed

Sociology Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

Sociology Death Penalty Essay Capital punishment has been a tool of the American judicial system since the beginning of our history as an attempt to deter its citizens from committing acts of violence against others with an ambition for community safety. However, our system of law is too lagging and inconsistent for the prospect of death as punishment to be a deterrence which therefore calls for reform and restructure; perhaps adopting the old ways of countries far removed from Westernized thinking. Originally the sentence of capital punishment necessitated death by beheading however, along with the dilution of the name came weaker and more â€Å"humane† ways of executing prisoners and is now known as the death penalty. The death penalty sentence in America does not serve as a meaningful deterrence. [P]roponents of deterrence have argued that in order for legal sanctions to be effective deterrence to crime, they must be (1) severe, (2) administered with certainty, (3) administered swiftly (celerity), and (4) administered publicly. The presumed importance of celerity of punishment is illustrated by Beccaria: An immediate punishment is more useful; because the smaller the interval of time between the punishment and the crime, the stronger and more lasting will be the association of the two ideas of â€Å"crime† and punishment; so that they may be considered, one as the cause, and the other as the unavoidable and necessary effect . . . Delaying the punishment serves only to separate these two ideas, and thus affects the minds of the spectators rather as being a terrible sight than the necessary consequences of a crime, the horror of which should contribute to heighten the idea of punishment.† (cited in Bailey, 1980, p 1309 ). Many people in our country have not seen a live execution and what they have seen most often looks painless and is carried out often a couple of decades after the punishable crime leaving minimal lasting impressions. Public humiliation is a greater deterrence; public hangings and canings have a greater impact on crime rates. â€Å"Worldwide, fewer than half of all nations allow the death penalty . . . Internationally, attention has focused on those nations where executions are relatively common, such as China and Iran . . . In the United States . . . pressure to abolish capital punishment has grown, both at home and abroad.† (Schaeffer, 2009,p175-177) The penalty needs to be refor med not abolished. The eighth amendment bans cruel and unusual punishment suggesting that executions should be humane and not cause undue pain, however since the rights of the victim were taken with force and brutality the criminal-killers should not be afforded comfort and privacy in compliance with their sentence to death. I agree with what Singapores Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew said in a speech, The†¦traditional Asian value system . . . places the interests of the community over and above that of the individual†¦In criminal law legislation, our priority is the security and well being of law-abiding citizens rather than the rights of the criminal. . .(Tan, 2002) During a visit to Singapore, which practices public caning and sends prisoners to the gallows, I felt secure that no harm would befall me and I was never more afraid to J-walk. The guidelines for caning is spelled out very clearly; the number of lashes for each crime and humiliating public displays leaves no room for their society to act out of ignorance. The marks the caning leaves is a permanent reminder therefore, deterrent to breaking the law. Youths who have been convicted of violent crimes should be subject to the death penalty as well. Although â€Å"every country on earth has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which prohibits the death penalty for juvenile offenders, with two exceptions: Somalia, which effectively has no government, and the US. Even China, one of the worlds most enthusiastic criminal-killers, recently banned juvenile executions.† (Beiser, 1999) However, crime punishment should not be imposed based on age if it is a crime that resulted out of deliberation. If an eleven year old was malicious enough to plot and commit murders of his parents or peers that same eleven year old should be punished as if he were 35. Perhaps if youths were exposed to the physical consequences of their actions the desire or idea to commit such crimes would yield deterrence. Americans and our criminal justice system would benefit from revisiting what is in the Nations best interest and resist pacifying those that insist perpetrators of violence be given the very rights to die peacefully which they violently stole from their victims. There will continue to be high crime rates as long as there is no deterrent; or certainty that swift, humiliating and painful justice will undoubtedly occur. Outline 1. Does the death penalty serve as a deterrent to crime? a. No because most people that commit the crimes which make them eligible for the death penalty probably act prior to thinking out consequences and those that do obviously do not believe they will be caught or held accountable. â€Å"[P]roponents of deterrence have argued that in order for legal sanctions to be effective deterrence to crime, they must be (1) severe, (2) administered with certainty, (3) administered swiftly (celerity), and (4) administered publicly. The presumed importance of celerity of punishment is illustrated by Beccaria: b. An immediate punishment is more useful; because the smaller the interval of time between the punishment and the crime, the stronger and more lasting will be the association of the two ideas of â€Å"crime† and punishment; so that they may be considered, one as the cause, and the other as the unavoidable and necessary effect Delaying the punishment serves only to separate these two ideas, and thus affects the minds of the spectators rather as being a terrible sight than the necessary consequences of a crime, the horror of which should contribute to heighten the idea of punishment.†(p. 1309) c.Our judicial system is not swift nor are the executions public. d. I believe that public humiliation serves as a more effective deterrence. e. As barbaric as it may seem, caning and public hangings have more of a direct impact on homicide and crime rates in general. 2. What are some other countries’ responses to the death penalty? a. Most countries have abandoned the idea of capital punishment b. Human rights have been adopted over societal well being 3. What is your position on the death penalty- should it be legal or should it be abolished? a. Reformed b. Needs to be in the public eye and seen as a certainty in order to have impact. c.Should be painful and something to be feared instead of looking like a peaceful sleep. d.The penalty needs to be reformed not abolished. The eighth amendment states that executions should be humane and not cause undue pain, however since the rights of the victim were taken with force and brutality the criminal-killers should not be afforded comfort and privacy in compliance with their sentence to death. 4.Should youths who have been convicted of violent crimes be subject to the death penalty? a. Yes- Although â€Å"every country on earth has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which prohibits the death penalty for juvenile offenders, with two exceptions: Somalia, which effectively has no government, and the US. Even China, one of the worlds most enthusiastic criminal-killers, recently banned juvenile executions,† 5. Why or why not? a. dont feel that crime punishment should be imposed based on age if it is a crime that resulted out of deliberation. b.If an eleven year old was malicious enough to plot murders of his parents or peers that same eleven year old should be punished as if he were 35. c.Perhaps is youths were exposed to the physical consequences of their actions the desire or idea to commit such crimes would lessen. REFERENCE PAGE Bailey, W (1980). Social Forces, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Jun., 1980), pp. 1308-1333 Retrieved July 8, 2010 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2577328 Beiser, V. (1999). Wasted Youth Retrieved July 10, 2010 http://motherjones.com/politics/1999/12/wasted-youth Schaefer, R.T. (2009) Sociology: A brief introduction (8thed.) pp. 175-177 Tan, A (2002) Singapore Death Penalty Shrouded in Silence Retrieved July 9, 2010 fromhttp://www.singaporewindow.org/sw02/020412re.htm Reuters

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay This interim report consists of three chapters explaining the initial study and research into anti jerk control of hybrid electric vehicles. This project aims at electrification of anti-jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using the hybrid vehicle electric motor to damp these oscillations and to analyze its effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle and then to compare the results with fuelling only method. This project will also include studying the impact of passive damping with DMF in these vehicles. As a part of this project, a model of a hybrid diesel engine driveline with DMF will be developed using Simulation X and an active feedback control for an electric motor will be designed to permit active damping of these oscillations. The results obtained from simulating the drivelines modeled using Simulation X will be observed for driveline vibrations with respect to the frequency range and also the range in which the jerking frequencies affect the passengers inside the vehicle so as to concentrate on it specifically leading to maximum reduction in jerking of driveline. The models so developed will then subjected to design modifications and investigation in accordance with the control strategies developed and affect of the same will be observed on all the drive train models with level of jerk control achieved. Finally Suggestions will be made on effect of electric motor on hybrid drive train in damping the driveline oscillations, fuel consumption and sportiness of the vehicle also comparing it with the conventional drive train models. Introduction In the age of technology where everyone is concentrating on improving the products by bringing in sophisticated technologies from cars to airplanes, we as human beings neglected the environment factor over the years. 20th century was called an industrial age and much technological advancement have been made in this era which revolutionized the whole world. One of the industries which is closely related to connect our daily life are automobiles. Automobiles have grown rapidly over the years with stiff competition among automotive manufacturers across the world. As the time passed by people become more demanding with their interests widening the automotive market and also the fact that automotive majors started delivering those demands. These technological improvements along with human comfort factors all of us forgot about the effect on environment. The number of vehicles on roads grew exponentially and consumption figures of petrol and diesel across the world increased drastically sending out alarm bells to search for alternate fuel technologies as the conventional petrol diesel were not only running out from their existence but also affecting the environment leading to considerable amount of CO2 emissions and further contributing to global warming. This future problem opened up opportunities for research in alternative fuel technologies leading to the development of Hybrid vehicles, Fuel cell technologies Hydrogen fuelled cars. Few of the alternate fuel vehicles are Toyota Prius hybrid, Honda Civic hybrid, Honda Insight etc which have received good response in the market in terms of performance as well as in reducing CO2 emissions and have successfully proved their presence in the market with their selling volumes and fuel savings. On a smaller level, these developments lead to further research in areas like DC/AC motors, fuel cells, battery pack technology, advanced controller design, power optimization and new concepts which can be used as alternate fuels. Problem Definition Commonly in every engine driven system issue of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) comes along with it. Automotive manufacturers have always tried to maintain healthy comfort to performance ratio so as to attain maximum customer satisfaction. With respect to comfort of driving, the manufacturers main aims are to provide vibration free driving pleasure as much as possible and the same applied to hybrid electric vehicles. One such area of concern in drive line jerking which affects the overall drivability. Jerking is a kind of driveline oscillations which occurs due to excitation caused by sudden or huge variation in engine torque or driveline load. These excitations cause because of torsional vibration of drive train at high engine torques leading to unwanted longitudinal oscillations of passenger compartment which reduces the riding comfort and drivability. These oscillations have tendency to occur at low engine speeds which are experienced as unpleasant jerking effect by the drive r. Due to the fact diesel engines produce high torque at low engine speeds, makes these engines more prone to this problem. The area of concentration under this case is vibration frequencies ranging between 2- 10 Hz as human body is sensitive towards this frequency range causing unpleasant driving experience. These driveline oscillations majorly occur during tip in and tip out conditions. In conventional diesel engine vehicles methods like active control of fuel injection into engine and passive element such as dual mass flywheel are used to permit feed forward active as well as passive damping of these unpleasant oscillations in idle, tip-in/tip out and coast conditions. To achieve minimal amount of driveline oscillations, vehicle manufacturers have to compromise between comfort and performance of the vehicle. In diesel hybrids, the jerking can be controlled by varying fuel injection and electric motor torque control and also passively by an additional dual mass flywheel (DMF). Aims Objectives The aims and objectives of this project are: To develop a model with three different configurations of powertrain using Simulation X those are: Conventional diesel engine, Conventional diesel engine with DMF and finally hybrid power train with DMF. To study the effects of jerk in each individual power train configuration before developing the control strategy for anti jerk control. To electrify the anti jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using Crankshaft integrated stator/generator to damp the oscillations. To analyze the effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. To compare the results with conventional fuel control method. Literature Review Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicle is the one which uses two or more sources of energy to propel the vehicle which consists of an internal combustion engine and electric motor power by batteries. Hybrid vehicles are of various types such as series hybrid, parallel hybrid and combination of series parallel and based on their hybridization factor they are categorized into micro, mild and full hybrids. Figure 1, below shows the typical power split type power train. Generally, hybrid power trains are costly to build due to its complexity but the costs are paid off against the running costs due to improved fuel efficiency. Regenerative braking plays an important role in conserving energy by charging the battery pack. Figure : Showing a Power Split Hybrid Powertrain Types of Hybrid vehicles based on drive train structure Parallel Hybrid In parallel hybrid vehicles, there are two parallel ways for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle; those are by engine and by electric drive, as shown in below figure 2. The transmission is coupled with the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either, or both, to power the wheels. Control architecture of parallel hybrid vehicles is more complex compared to a series hybrid due to the requirement of efficient coupling of the motor/generator and engine so as to maintain optimum drivability and performance. Figure : Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Operating modes available in parallel hybrid vehicles are: Engine only traction Electric only traction Hybrid traction Regenerative braking Series Hybrid In series hybrid there is only one way for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle, but consists two energy sources. As shown in figure 3, the conventional engine is coupled to a generator for charging the battery pack which provides electrical energy to a motor/generator to power the wheels via transmission. The motor/generator can also be used for recharging the battery during braking and deceleration. Figure : Series Hybrid Power train Operating modes available in series hybrid vehicles are: Electric only traction Electric traction battery charging Battery charging and no traction Regenerative braking Series-Parallel (combined) Hybrid electric vehicles A Series-Parallel (combined) hybrid vehicle has both the aspects Series and Parallel energy transfer paths. As shown in figure 5, a system consisting of motors and/or generators consisting of a gearing or power split device allows the engine to recharge the battery. Changes in this power train configuration can range from simple to very complex type depending on the number of motors /generators and their working terminology. These configurations can be called as Complex hybrids (such as the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrids), Split-Parallel hybrids, or Power-Split hybrids. Figure : Series-Parallel (Combined) Hybrid Power train Driveline Jerking Driveline jerking also called as driveline oscillations can occur due to many different factors such as load changes, gear shifting and also the condition of the road. In recent times, direct injection diesel engines with extensive refinement of components and significant weight reduction in driveline lead to the problem of driveline jerking. Also with advancement in diesel engine technology over the years, output torque of these diesel engines has risen tremendously for passenger cars effecting the comfort and drivability. The problem with high engine torque is, it causes torsion of driveline due to the gear ratios of the final drive causing the torsion at drive shafts which in turn causes whole power train to oscillate with combined effect of vehicle jerking. Figure 5, shown below show the measurements on a test car caused by tip in behavior in which driver suddenly steps on the throttle combined with high torque gradient and tip out condition, the back out maneuver. Figure : Engine torque and engine speed for tip in and tip out maneuvers. Though the oscillations caused by engine speed are somewhat absorbed by engine mounts but the oscillations due to wheel speed is responsible for horizontal vibrations of the vehicles longitudinal acceleration affecting the performance of the vehicle which is experienced directly by passengers. To restrain these oscillations affecting the comfort and drivabilityfor the passengers, damping of these driveline oscillations is necessary which is referred to as Anti Jerk Control. The oscillations leading to power train jerking in conventional power train can be categorized by the Eigen frequencies of following driveline components: Torsion of shafts causes pitching and jerking due to suspension system, mass of the vehicle and damping. The range of frequency for this cause lies between 2 5 Hz. Also, we know that the natural frequency of the vehicle with respect to pitch motion is lies between 1 2.5 Hz. The frequency of oscillations caused by engine movement and mounts lies in the range of 15 200 Hz. The vibration due to gearbox assembly lies in the frequency range of 50-80 Hz. There are oscillation depending upon the type of engine, no. of cylinders, engine speed and also the combustion process shown in below figure Table : showcasing different engine types and their Eigen frequencies Engine Type Multiples of Eigen Frequency 4-Cylinder ,R4, 4-Stroke 2,4,6,8,10 6-Cylinder,R4, 4-stroke 3,6,9 6-Cylinder,V60,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,5, 9 6-Cylinder,V90,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 7,5, 9 12-Cylinder, V60, 4-Stroke 6,12 From the above categorization of the components and their respective Eigen frequencies, the main aim is to narrow down on the components leading to vibrations which are felt by passengers majorly and to minimize the level of vibrations by designing model based predictive control strategy while retaining the performance of the vehicle as much as possible. Hybrid Vehicle Design The power train which has been considered for testing the jerking behavior and the anti jerk control strategy to be designed is shown in the below figure 6. This power train is one of the possible hybrid vehicle architecture consisting of I.C engine, CISG (Crankshaft Integrated Starter/ Generator), Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF), Clutch, Gearbox assembly , High voltage battery pack and power electronics. Figure : Hybrid Vehicle architecture In operation, at lower rpm the vehicle acts as pure electric vehicle powered by the on board battery pack and at higher rpm, both electric drive and I.C engine together produce required power by the vehicle. The percentage of power transmission sharing to propel the vehicle plays an important role in determining fuel efficiency. Design Considerations The components and factors which play important role in hybrid electric vehicle design shown in figure 6 are: Engine design and selection: The I.C engine as in conventional power train plays an important role in hybrid vehicles. Generally, engines designed for hybrid vehicles are smaller in size compared to conventional vehicles. Though the design selection of the engine is completely based on the power requirements of the vehicle. Crankshaft integrated starter/generator (CISG): The starter/generator is device which is controlled electronically. It combines both the functions of a conventional starter and generator into a one single unit. The motive of single CISG unit is replacing the starter as a single entity which is passive in nature; need to replace the old fashioned belt and pulley type connection between the alternator the engine. Also to replace the modern day rotor wound alternators with slip rings and brushes. The integrated starter/generator works as a bi-directional device which converts electrical energy to mechanical work and vice versa. As a electric motor, it assists in starting the I.C engine without any noise and also much quicker than conventional starter. As a generator it produces power required for electrical components of the vehicle and is also used to charge the batteries. Commonly integrated starter/generator is placed between engine and gearbox assembly. The main operating features of ISG are it enables stat/stop, onboard power generation and acts as power assist when required. Figure : Integrated Starter / Generator. Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF): Dual mass flywheel consists of two flywheels connected by long arc travel springs located between I.C engine and clutch or transmission. The first DMF was introduced for the automotive industry in 1985. At that time non lubricated dampers were used consisting of heavy springs which were problematic. Then there was breakthrough in the DMF technology and arc spring type dampers was introduced in 1989 solving almost all the problems which were caused by DMF earlier. Due to the high cost of this product not everyone was interested but was used in large vehicles. Though DMF is a passive driveline element, it has been proven that DMF reduces torsional vibrations to certain extent and plays an important role in anti jerk control of hybrid vehicles also. The operating performance of DMF can be characterized by the spring rate and its damping characteristics. The dual mass flywheel consists of following important characteristics: Primary and secondary inertias. The torsion damper rate. And the damping characteristic. Advantages of using DMF in conventional power train are: Segregation of torsional vibrations: we know that, torsional vibrations are caused by torque fluctuations. A vehicle is a kind of vibrating system with all the components like engine, transmission, drive shafts etc all contributing to the cause. Below figure 8, shows the simple driveline model so as to observe vibration behaviour. In this case engine and transmission are supposed as rotating inertia connected by springs. The spring C2 represents the spring damper characteristics and spring C3 showing the stiffness of the drive train. Figure : Drive train with vibration modes. Figure 9 shown below depicts the fluctuations in vehicle speed and in this case damped resonance occurs at around 1700 rpm. The main aim of DMF is to sideline the vibrations occurring from the engine as far as possible from the rest of the driveline components. Also the figure compares the difference between the extents of vibrations in a conventional drive train compared to one fitted with dual mass flywheel. Dual mass flywheel efficiently reduces the engine vibrations and reduces gear rattle, helps in saving the fuel consumption and also improves driving comfort. Figure : Comparison of vibration damping in a conventional drive train to the one with DMF Transmission assistance: As DMF is said to reduce the engine vibrations, it has positive effect on the transmission system as the stress induced will be significantly less compared to a compared drive line increasing the transmission efficiency and cycle life. Crank shaft assistance: In a conventional power train, we know that flywheel and clutch are connected to engine crankshaft rigidly and due to the inertia of the flywheel high reaction forces are developed on the crankshaft. But in case of DMF, the secondary flywheel can be neglected for bending load case as it connected loosely to the primary flywheel by torsional damper and roller bearings which practically dont allow high transferable reactive forces. The primary flywheel is significantly lighter in weight, more elastic in nature compared to conventional flywheel. Battery pack design and selection: The main criteria in battery design and selection depend upon the capacity, the output characteristics based on type of battery pack to be used, cycle life, cost, scope of reusability and whether recyclable on not. The size and weight of the battery pack depends on the capacity requirement. If capacity is high, more will be size and weight of the battery pack. In fact, battery pack design plays a very important role as the performance of the vehicle is dependent on the overall weight of the vehicle. In case battery pack is heavier, this would have direct impact on the power consumed to propel the vehicle which is set to rise with increase in battery weight and will also reduce the operating range of the vehicle. Figure : Typical Battery pack arrangement Electric Motor: Generally AC, DC and PMDC electric motors are used in hybrid vehicle depending upon the requirement and usage. In automotive industry, certain motor specifications are not acceptable due to their inability to meet the specific requirements such as power rating at peak load conditions, continuous power supply, volumetric power density, cost, efficiency, weight, lifetime, level of protection against water and dust. Gear box assembly: In hybrid vehicles, mostly a power splitter device is used which is consists of planetary gear set allowing power flow from two power generating sources to propel the vehicle. The I.C engine is generally connected to Sun gear while electric motor is connected to the planet gear. Clutch: It is found in every vehicle with manual gearbox. Though the use of clutch varies from one hybrid drive train to another depending the gearbox being used as most of the hybrid power trains use automatic transmission which dont require clutch. The main purpose of clutch is to assist the vehicle starting off from stand still position as it compensates for the speed difference between engine and the driveline and slips on to synchronize both. Clutch also used to engage and disengages engine from the transmission while gear shifting takes place. Modelling Approach Procedure of work Power train jerking in hybrid vehicles is majorly due to engine electric motor torque changes during tip in and tips out operations. For investigating the problem of jerking for a hybrid vehicle, certain steps have been laid out for modeling the power train in five different steps which are in below figure 9 to observe and analyze each case individually with root cause: Figure : Modelling Procedure Basic Driveline Equations Engine: The engine output torque is expressed by the driving torque (Te) generated from combustion , friction torque (Tfric,e) and the external load from clutch (Tc) .By Newtons second law of motion, we can achieve the following model: Where Je is the mass of inertia of the engine, is the crank angular acceleration. Clutch: Generally a friction type clutch is installed in vehicles with manual transmission connecting to the engine flywheel and input shaft of the transmission. During clutch engagement if we assume no internal friction, Tc = Tt can be obtained. Then the torque transmitted is function of angular difference (ÃŽÂ ±cs ÃŽÂ ±c) and angular velocity difference ( ) resulting in: Figure : vehicle driveline with corresponding angle and torque labels. Transmission: A transmission consists of a gear set each with a different operating ratio it leading to relation between input and output torque Where Tp is the transmission output and Tfric is the internal friction torque of the transmission. Propeller shaft: The shaft which connects the transmissions output to the final drive unit in which no friction is assumed which gives us Tp = Tf , resulting in model for torque input to final drive Final Drive: final drive can be considered as a final ratio if as for the transmission leading to input and output torque relation Drive Shafts: The shafts which connect wheels to the final drive are called drive shafts. It can be assumed that both the wheels are rotating at same speed ( ). Ignoring the vehicle dynamics, the wheel speed shall be equal to speed of vehicle bodys centre of gravity. Therefore, drive shafts can be modelled as one shaft. Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (FL)acting on the vehicle gives Rolling resistance (Rr) = f*m*g and Aerodynamic drag (Ra) =1/2*Af*Cd*à Ã‚ *V2. Where, m=mass of the vehicle, g=gravity constant, f=0.015(co-efficient of rolling resistance), Rr=rolling resistance, Ra=aerodynamic drag, Af=cross sectional area, Cd=coefficient of drag, density (à Ã‚ ), V=velocity. The drive line model can be expressed as a system consisting of rotating lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and loads acting due to environmental resistive forces. A simple 2 degree of freedom model (fig 10) is sufficient to show the first torsional mode of vibrations which lead to jerking of vehicle. Figure : Free body diagram of a conventional driveline Where, Teng = engine torque, road load = Tload , e = engine speed, v = vehicle speed, Je = mass moment of inertia, be = viscous friction, r = final drive ratio, Ks CS = drive shafts flexibility, Cw = damper, vehicle inertia = Jv. Hybrid Power train Model As discussed earlier in report, the hybrid power train consists of additional components compared to conventional type which include electric motor, batteries, power electronics which form together the electric drive unit of the vehicle. Engine: Engine in hybrid power train plays a very important role in terms of fuel savings and vehicle assist. An engine model to be used for hybrid power train must be considered for following issues: The engine model must produce desired torque output irrespective of operating conditions. The engines dynamic behaviour leading to torque fluctuations generates drive line vibrations which in turn affects the driver comfort. As engine is not quick enough to respond to control actions implemented externally, the response delay can have significant affect on the vehicles performance. Engine can be modeled in many different ways depending upon the level of complexity required and the availability of parameters which can later be used for validating the inputs. The basic equation of engine model has been already discussed earlier which can be applied for the hybrid power train model also. Electric Motor/ Controller: The electric traction motor and controller consume the power from the onboard energy storage device like battery to provide the power source so as to generate the required torque for vehicle propulsion. The electric motor can also be used as starter/alternator or as a generator to recover energy during braking which can be used to charge batteries. The traction motor model can be described by following equations: Where idr , iqr are d,q axis rotor current respectively; ids ,iqs are d, q axis primary current respectively; Lm, is mutual inductance; Lr , LJ are resolved rotor, stator inductance respectively; P are poles; Rr, Rs are resolved rotor, stator resistance respectively, ohms; Vds Vqs are d, q axis primary voltage respectively, V; ÃŽÂ »dr and ÃŽÂ »qr are d, q axis rotor equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; ÃŽÂ »ds and ÃŽÂ »qs are d,q axis stator equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; à Ã¢â‚¬ °e is synchronous frequency, rps ; à Ã¢â‚¬ °r is rotor frequency, rps; , is rotor acceleration, rps2; Ts is electric motor torque, Nm. The limiting torque of the motor can be expressed by: Where à Ã¢â‚¬ °b, is motor base speed, rpm; à Ã¢â‚¬ °m is mechanical motor speed, rpm; Prated is the rater motor power, hp; Trated is the rated motor torque, Nm; Tm is mechanical motor torque, Nm. In addition to this, equations of motion for DC electric machine are: Where is the torque output of the machine proportional to the armature current, e is the back emf of the machine is proportional to the velocity of the rotor Drive Shaft: The drive shaft plays very important role in the drive train for transmitting the torque and rotation. They are subjected high torsion and shear stresses and therefore must have must have high stiffness. Below shown in the drive modelled using lumped inertias and their corresponding basic equations TDS =KDS (ÃŽÂ ¸T ÃŽÂ ¸W) + CDS (T W) Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (Fe)acting on the vehicle gives Stationary model of the vehicle assuming all forces act through the centre of gravity and only in longitudinal direction. Gears: Assuming no losses in transmission the basic equation for gearing is But in reality there are viscous losses, sealing bearings drag contact friction. Losses vary with gear change but can be modelled as a loss torque tl acting on the transmission input shaft there can be shown as: Capacitor: It is device which stores energy an can be modelled by current equation Battery: Batteries are characterized by energy density, C-rating, cycle life, thermal run away and variations in temperature. Table below shows the comparison among different types of batteries with their technical specifications available in the market for HEV applications Property Lead Acid NiMH Lithium Cell Voltage Volts 2 1.2 3.6 Energy Density WH/Kg 30-40 50-80 100-200 Power Density W/Kg 100-200 100-500 500-8000 Maximum Discharge Rate 6 -10C 15C 100C Useful Capacity DOD% 50 50-80 80 Charge Efficiency % 60-80 70-90 ~100 Self Discharge %/Month 3-4 30 2-10 Temperature Range  °C -40 +60 -30 +60 -40 +60 Cycle Life Cycles 600-900 >1000 >2000 Micro-cycle Tolerant Deteriorates Yes Yes Robust (Over/Under Voltage) Yes Yes Needs BMS Cost per kWH  £100  £170  £150 Target A basic battery model might include an open circuit voltage and internal resistance Rc and Rd SOC Calculation: SOCic = initial SOC of the battery (assume 1; fully charged) Ibat = battery current that can be both positive and negative Qbat = battery capacity (Ah), needs converting to A.s for the simulation Simulation Tool Simulation X Simulation X is a multi domain program for modeling and simulation created by ITI GmbH. Some of its main features and capabilities are: Enables high level modelling platform for complex systems. Integrated with CAE design tool Over 30 standard industry specific libraries including automotive. Development of user specific libraries based on standard ones. Object oriented modelling language for simple and efficient modelling. Implementation of user based C code through external sources. Provides interface between various software available in market such as MATLAB/Simulink etc. Analysis tools available in Simulation X are: Transient Simulation: Capable of computing linear and non-linear models in the time domain. Steady State Simulation: Analyzing the models in periodic steady state condition dependent on a specific reference value. Linear System Analysis (Natural frequencies and mode shapes) : Efficiently generates damped and un damped natural frequencies of the complete system , time constants , eigen vectors, oscillations of state variables related to particular eigen frequencies. Linear System Analysis (Input Output Analysis): Enables linearization in the current operating point , analysis, export of state space matrices Modelling in Simulation X The vehicle type selected for the analysis of jerking and its effects is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) powered by a diesel engine shown earlier in figure 6 consisting a conventional diesel engine with crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG), a DMF, a transmission gear box, a clutch between the transmission and the DMF, differential as a part of conventional power train and high voltage battery pack with power electronics on board as electric drive unit for the vehicle. Creating simulation models for hybrid power train requires various components of power train such as mechanics, hydraulics, electronics and pneumatics including the control aspects involved.

Essay --

While living in the Bay Area, I have a valuable opportunity to experience many interesting food cultures. Doing my report on cultural traditions, I am inspired to enrich my knowledge in the culture that I have little knowledge of. Through the interview presentations, personal experiences shared by students, and several suggestions of indicative foods by the instructor, I have gained interests in different food habits and food symbolisms. After doing small research on each topic to decide what I am really interested in, I chose to learn more about the Seder plate in Passover tradition. The meanings of the celebration as well as the symbolic foods intertwine with the Jewish history of more than 210 years of slavery in Egypt. Though I have learnt about the cruelty of slavery, I have never known about any celebrated festival to commemorate on the journey to freedom from bondage. I am curious in understanding how symbolic foods that are emphasized in this festival represent the experienc es that the Israelites faced and their passage to freedom. Passover (also known as Pesach in Hebrew) is one of the most sacred festival in the Jewish calendar and the longest continuing ritual in the human history. Since 1300 B.C, Jews celebrate this tradition to commemorate the national freedom of the Children of Israel and recalls stories behind the Israelites' departure from the land of Egypt. Spring time signifies the season of Passover, which begins at the sunset marking the fifteenth day of Nisan, the first month in Jewish calendar. In modern calendar, that is between April and May. The story of Passover is written in the Book of Exodus, the second book of Hebrew Bible. Over 3000 years ago, Pharoah, the King of Egypt, enslaved Jews and tortur... ...e tradition. Hopefully, the younger generations will continue to celebrate the sacred celebration to maintain their heritage in the future. Besides the historical meaning behind this tradition, the Seder plate in Passover celebration not only teaches the younger generation to recall the past painful experiences from slavery, but also emphasizes on the positive sides of their successful journey and their joyful moments. Each of the symbolic foods of the Passover Seder Plate has an interesting meaning, and together, they created complex layered meaning of the tradition. Family and friends come together to reflect upon history, sympathize the tragedies, and celebrate the triumphs of their ancestors. It is extraordinary that all Jews around the world strongly symbolize their ancestors’ experiences and spread it as the foundation of national identity.

Effective Use of Irony and Satire in Unveiling :: Unveiling

Effective Use of Irony and Satire in Unveiling Unveiling, by Vclav Havel, is an almost satirical view of societal behavior in the modern day world. The unusual props located throughout the apartment as well as the characters involved in the play come together to form an ironic tale wrought with realistic themes and an extremist view of modern society. The main characters are Vera, Michael, and Ferdinand Vanek. The play begins with Ferdinand entering the party of Vera and Michael. As the story line progresses, Vera and Michael continue describing their many material possessions and showing off their supposed glamour. All throughout the commentary on their accolades, they also openly criticize Ferdinand in every aspect of his life. They claim to do so only because they like him and because he is their best friend. In the end, Ferdinand begins inching towards the door, and Vera and Michael start to go hysterical at the thought of Ferdinand leaving. Finally, when he sits back down, Vera and Michael resume their "normal" chatter. The characterization in Unveiling is consistent in that each character is generally stagnant. Vera is a flat character. She starts out as a needy woman who is almost grandiloquent when she speaks of her belongings. Her husband Michael is no different. His pretentious behavior is only heightened by the accessory of his wife. In the end, they are still the same albeit not as composed as in the beginning. Ferdinand is really just a minor, speaking character in the play. There is not much depth to his character. He is essentially flat because there is no change in his character or lack thereof. Though Unveiling does contain many themes, the principle one that is prevalent throughout is social pretensions. Vera and Michael pretend that everything is fine in their life though it clearly is not. They hold themselves to a materialistic standard that they feel they must uphold. The slick veneer that they like to hide behind is actually rather brittle and transparent. Their loneliness is apparent. For their "unveiling" party, there is only one guest, Ferdinand. That points to the fact that they do not have many friends, thus the reality which is that they are alone. Along these same lines, societal pressures and social conformity are also major themes. They feel they must uphold such pretenses because that is the social standard.

An analysis of attempts deal with the problem of smuggling of human beings Essay

1. Introduction There are many factors that entice some people to use illegal means to reach the United States, the member states of the European Union and other countries. One of the illegal means is through human smuggling. Two of the main reasons are pegged on social as well as economic ties. Other reasons could be   the political instability, armed conflict, rapid population growth, environmental degradation, widening economic disparities between countries, and a worsening unemployment crisis in the Asia Pacific region are only a few of the reasons that have sparked several waves of human smuggling activities. Human smuggling always entails people leaving their home country where their loved ones are waiting for them to send back home money to pay for their family’s daily expenses. For, humans exhort to violating the immigration laws of their decision countries by entering through the smuggling channels because in order to acquire that elusive bag of gold offered in the destination country. In Congo, humans are smuggled to Europe by passing them off as musicians and dancers (Bafalikike 2003, 65).   This bag of gold includes protection from dangers to their life back home, employment, higher wages and a better life. Thus, these people are forced to leave their country of origin either voluntarily or   even involuntarily to improve their life to secure their lives, to secure their families and friends and their properties back home (Hampson, and Hay 2004). 2. Smuggling Operation-The Organisation Human Smuggling   from China to the United States has a long history. This started with the United States interpretation of the term refugee in 1996. Consequently, the last ten years saw the human smuggling of Chinese citizens   has increased   from a small –scale regional movement to a major global enterprise (Kung 2000, 1271). The Chinese smuggling network is run by big snakeheads that have institutionalized networks of small snakeheads, debt collectors and enforcers. With the good relationship with local Chinese government officials, many snakeheads   present themselves as philanthropists for they donate large sums of corruption money to improve their chosen home villages (Smith 2002). The smuggled humans do not ever meet these snakeheads but are only in communication with the snakeheads’ representatives or employees. Some of the smaller snakeheads are local Chinese residents who entice customers and collect down payments. In addition, droves of middlemen   tour the human smuggles from one transit point to the next until they reach their destination – United States. Upon arrival on the United States shores, these human smuggles are then imprisoned by the tour guides until they pay their fees. The big snakeheads normally hire gang members to collect the human smuggles’ debts. However, there is no flagrant evidence that organized crime holds the strings in the Chinese human smuggling business (Ruddock 2001). Evidently, the Chinese human smuggling business is controlled by so -called enterpreneurs who are involved in several criminal activities(Jandl, 2004). The tour guides and entrepreneurs juicily talk to their hapless victims that they have to pay only a small monetary price in exchange for a richer life in the United States. Thus, the willing Chinese victims endure the dangerous travel by sea, air and land in inhuman conditions that are worsened by the violent abuses of the enforcers (Chu 2000, 111). The entrepreneurs or Chinese smugglers   charges very exorbitant fees ranging from $30,000 to $60,000 for each person for their human smuggling services. To ensure success, the human smuggles pay   the smugglers lots of money in exchange for   passage through the high seas. The Chinese smuggles then are not forced to as indentured servants in American food services establishments or sweatshops to pay their smugglers. In fact, human smuggling has increased in alarming rate more (O’Rourke 2002, p1). For, the smugglers immediately collect the human smuggles’ debts from the friends and relatives of the newly arrived Chinese human smuggles in full upon arrival in the United States. Consequently, the smugglers will torture the human smuggles and inform the relatives that further harm will continue thus forcing their relatives and friends to pay the human smuggles’ debts if payment has not been made generally in one week’s time (Jandl, 2004). Usually, the Chinese human smuggles come from the Chinese province of Fujian. The smuggling networks starting the 1980s have already smuggled more than ten thousand Fujians into the United States. Fujian lies along the coastal Mainland side of China which is the main Chinese shipping route for export and import of goods.   In fact, Fujian is the birthplace of the founder of the Chinese Triad, San Lian Hui, which is the center of Chinese Smuggling. Human smuggling here was ignited when the war brought about by the Qing dynasty in the 19th century where thousands of Fujians fled the island to escape the war   and financial hardships then. The main source of the Fujian human smuggles are people living around Fuzhou City in the northern part of Fujian province. Here, several villages are housed many Chinese whose relatives are in the United States. The residents here are dependent on the money sent from their relatives in the United States. Unquestionably, money is the push factor that has forced many Chinese to illegally enter the United States. Along this line, many Chinese officials are being corrupted to allow a smooth transfer of the Chinese smuggles outside of China which weakens most levels of the Chinese society (Jandl, 2004). Further, one expert clarified that corruption of Chinese government officials plus the decentralization of the Chinese economy erupted into a massive unrest in the Chinese Society. Thus, this unrest increased the number of Chinese smuggled outside of China. The Chinese government could not stop the human smuggling because the Chinese officials in the smuggling areas were corrupt and cared more about the money they will receive through bribes than implementing the Chinese government’s efforts to curtail human smuggling in China. The ordinary Chinese citizen finds it an uphill climb in terms of procuring travel documents to enter the United States. On the other hand, the rich, educated and professional Chinese residents can easily travel abroad including the United States and members of the European Union States. For, the Chinese government are very strict in giving out passports to Chinese people applying for permission to go abroad. Normally, the legal way to go the United States includes applying for a passport from their local village officials. Then, the visa and passport applicant will apply at the United States Embassy in Beijing or the Consulate in Guangzhou.   After, the Chinese applicant must   apply with the Public Security Bureau for the final document needed to leave China. The final paper is the exit permit. However, there are many bureaucratic obstacles hounding the application in every step of the application process (Lubbers 2002). The human smugglers ply their trade by giving their clients fake documents   and passage to the United States.   Also, the lax immigration checkpoints in China and the transit countries until the United States have made human smuggling a very profitable and happy encounter. For, the smugglers make lots of money in return for a happy arrival into the United States. In addition, other authorities offer high prices to give their passports to clients. In addition, Chinese government officials themselves pay the human smugglers to smuggle their families and friends into the United States at an obviously discounted price.   The human smuggling travel passes through several transit points. There are dangers along bend of the way. The trip takes from a few weeks to even a year. The ride passes through Southeast Asian countries, Europe and South or Central America The human smuggles are at the mercy of the snakeheads and the enforcers. Not all human smuggling was successful. On June, 1993, the freighter Golden Venture ran aground in New York. It was discovered that more than three hundred Chinese smuggles were packed in 800 square feet of cargo space and had been at sea for more than three months with little food and water, no lifer preservers and only one ladder as escape route in case of danger. Upon discovery, an estimated two hundred Chinese smuggles jumped ship and swim across the literally ice –cold New York waters ashore where more than ten people died from froze bite   swimming in the freezing water. Ten of the migrants died while trying to reach the shore(Schneider, Steiner, and Romaine 2003). In addition, the early nineties saw thirty two ships carrying a total of more than five thousand Chinese migrants traveling towards the United States that were caught   many stop –over points in Asia, South America and Europe. After the Golden Venture Crackdown, still continued to brave the odds that were heavily stocked in miniscule fashion in the Chinese smuggles’ favour in fishing boats. In fact, one United States INS   officer   stated that at any given point in time, thirty thousand Chinese are   literary packed in sardine like safe houses around the world waiting for that rare and opportune time to enter the United States through the discreet smuggle entry points. Importantly, any clear and fast distinction between human smuggling and human trafficking seems spurious (Skeldon 2003 p.1). In 1998, the United States INS service uncovered a criminal syndicate that focused on smuggling up to one hundred fifty Chinese people per month into the United States through the Canadian border (Smart, 994, p 98). The criminal syndicate’s network encompassed five continents because they earn lots of money in this illegal activity. The method was to smuggle the Chinese through Canada by giving them fake passports. The Chinese smuggles then   were sent to New York City passing through the Saint Regis Mohawk Territory at Akwesasne. This was an American Indian Reserve the lies between the boundary of the United States and Canada.   This smuggling was busted and thirty seven members of the smuggling ring were jailed.   After the Canada bust, the smugglers focused their entry point through Mexico City (Cholewinski 1997, 4). Smuggling humans through Mexico had declined during the Great Depression of 1929 (Hansen 2006; Spener and Staudt 1998, null5). Recently, the Chinese smuggling ring is using Guam as its stop –over point (Jandl, 2004). Furthermore, many human smugglers use commercial airplanes to deliver their human smuggles so that the coast guard and the border patrol could not find them. Flying the human smuggles through the air lanes was more successful and comfortable as compared to the overly tight border patrols. The Chinese smuggles would wait an average of two months for their fake travel documents to arrives so they could fly to the United States passing through Asia, Europe and other transit points. It is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the human smuggles because of their discreet operations (Guiraudon and Joppke 2001, 107). When caught by the INS people, the Snake heads instruct their Chinese smuggles to say that they are applying for political asylum because they are escaping China’s one child policy (Newman and Van Selm 2003, 9). Then, the snake heads hire lawyers to get the smuggles on parole and out of jail. After leaving jail, the Chinese Smuggles then disappear in the Chinese communities hide from detection. In reality though, the United States benefits from the cheap labor that these Chinese smuggles offer (Jandl, 2004). 3. Protocols The United States INS detention centers could not keep the overbulging Chinese human smuggles who come in droves and in regularly smuggled fashion.   The current US jails could not keep the surge of Chinese human smuggles arriving.   And, a Chinese woman was jailed by the United States INS in October 24, 1999 who gave birth in a United States Jail. The jail guards rushed the pregnant mother to the nearest hospital. Naturally, many human rights groups including the American Civil Liberties Union have complained that jailing the human smuggles are a violation of their human rights. For, the jail was a harsh environment taking into consideration the hardships these Chinese had to face for three or more months inside inhuman ocean going containers. Despite the eighteen arrests of Chinese Stowaways in another ship in Seattle and the detention of more then two hundred Chinese human smuggles found in container vans bound for the United States and Canada, there are still more that have not be caught. The series of successful detection of the Chinese smuggles that were smuggled as part of cargo in ships is used by the United States INS as proof that they are successful in their endeavor to decrease or even stop the rampant human smuggling into the United States passing through the European Union countries, Asia, Canada, Mexico and the like. The difficulty in detecting the Chinese smuggles is because there are too many cargoes loaded in a Cargo ship. In addition, many of the shipping companies and their crew do not know if their ship is carrying human smuggles. In response, the United States INS are holding responsible the shipping lines if human smuggles are discovered hiding in their ships. To stave off the proliferation of human smuggling, the United States makes it a criminal offense for anyone to bring or to aid in bringing human smuggles into the United States.   Likewise, it is considered a violation of the United States law if a person aids in the smuggling of persons into the United States. In addition, any person who entices another to enter the United States illegally will be punished with the full strength of the United States law. The penalty for human smuggling could reach up to five years. In addition, the enticing human smuggler will pay dearly if his human smuggle dies on board. However, if the human smuggling is done on a large scale or business –like basis, the penalty would be fifty dollars. However, these sentences will not stop the Chinese smuggles from entering the United States through sheer luck.   The United States Congress in 1996 placed human smuggling and immigration related visa fraud as RICO predicate offense. The RICO approach focuses on the leaders of the smuggling rings and not on the smuggling middle men. The violation of the RICO protocol will give out a fine that may include imprisonment of up to twenty years (Jandl, 2004). The United States had partnered with the United States address human smuggling. However, the focus on the United Nations is on the human trafficking of women and children and also white slavery. Combating human smuggling is a combined world –wide effort. However, corruption of local governments officials in China and other countries had made the curtailment of human smuggling next to nothing.     Ã‚  In reality, the detection of Chinese human smuggles are generally successful if someone secretly tips the border patrols on possible hideouts of the jail escapees   (Kyle, 2003). Developed countries are trying to find ways to curtail human smuggling. However, they   are against any policy that would reduce the demand for illegal workers. Evidently, the more there are strict immigration policies, the more will be the smuggler’s will to smuggle people because of the money involved (Kyle, 2003).